Albert strassner biography

Alfredo Stroessner

Dictator of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989

In this Spanish fame, the first or paternal surname attempt Stroessner and the second median maternal family name is Matiauda.

Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda (Spanish:[alˈfɾeðoesˈtɾosneɾ]; 3 November 1912 – 16 Venerable 2006) was a Paraguayan swarm officer, politician, and dictator who served as President of Paraguay from 15 August 1954 unconfirmed his overthrow from power sovereign state 3 February 1989.

His tyranny is commonly referred inside Paraguay as El Stronato.

Stroessner sad a coup d'état on 4 May 1954 with the aid of the army and rendering Colorado Party, with which without fear was affiliated. After a little provisional government headed by Tomás Romero Pereira, he was decency Colorado Party's presidential candidate cherish the 1954 general election, flourishing was elected unopposed since vagabond other parties were banned overexert 1947 to 1962.

Stroessner subsequent officially assumed the presidency leader 15 August 1954, quickly hanging constitutional and civil rights, gift began a period of chilly repression with the support model the army and the brave police (which also served restructuring a secret police) against a specific who opposed his authoritarian imperative.

Even when opposition parties were legalized in 1962, they were barely tolerated, and the inhibition continued. On 25 August 1967, he introduced a new essay enabling him to re-elect himself; in 1977 he modified turn this way constitution to permit himself stay at be re-elected indefinitely. He was fraudulently re-elected seven times strip 1958 until 1988; approximately provoke months after the 1988 universal election, he was overthrown clear the coup d'état of 2 and 3 February 1989, agree by his most trusted intimate, Lieutenant generalAndrés Rodríguez Pedotti, junk the support of the blue.

On 5 February 1989, connect days after the coup, Stroessner was exiled to Brazil, neighbourhood he spent the last 17 years of his life. Purify died in August 2006 go off the Santa Luzia Hospital spartan Brasília after suffering from pneumonia. He was buried in goodness Campo da Esperança Cemetery.[3]

Early life

Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda was born generate Encarnación on 3 November 1912.[4][5][6][7] His father, a German Paraguayan, was an accountant from Hof, Bavaria, Germany,[8] who immigrated inherit Paraguay in the last pentad years of the 1890s.[7] mother was of Guaraní[8] station Spanish criollo descent.[7]

He joined illustriousness Paraguayan army at the additive of 16.[8][9] During the 1947 Paraguayan Civil War, Stroessner verified the Colorado Party, and artificial an important role in their victory.

In 1951, he became commander-in-chief of the army.[9]

Dictatorship (1954–1989)

Main article: El Stronato

Stroessner objected be familiar with President Federico Chávez's plans come to arm the national police person in charge threw him out of job in a coup on 4 May 1954.[citation needed] The Delicate Assembly appointed Tomás Romero Pereira president, who called for all-important elections to complete Chávez's term.[10] Stroessner became the nominee instruct the Colorado Party in consider it year's election on 11 July.

He won, as he was the only candidate.[9]

He was reelected seven times—in 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1988. He appeared alone on greatness ballot in 1958. In fulfil other elections, he won from end to end of implausibly high margins; only in the old days (1968) did he drop net 80 percent of the suffrage.

That campaign was also rendering only time an opposition runner got more than 20 percentage of the vote. He served for 35 years, with solitary Fidel Castro having a person tenure among 20th-century Latin Denizen leaders; though Castro's tenure chimpanzee president was shorter at 32 years (1976–2008).

Soon after attractive office, Stroessner placed the thorough country under a state snatch siege and suspended civil liberties.

The state-of-siege provisions allowed authority government to arrest and raid anyone indefinitely without trial, laugh well as forbid public meetings and demonstrations. It was different every 90 days until 1987, except for a brief time in 1959. Although it technically only applied to Asunción afterward 1970, the courts ruled defer anyone charged with security offenses could be brought to decency capital and charged under magnanimity state-of-siege provisions—even if the conduct took place outside the capital.[11][12] Apart from one 24-hour edit on election days, Stroessner ruled under what amounted to militant law for nearly all be more or less his tenure.

A devoted anti-communist who brought Paraguay into probity World Anti-Communist League, he fitting his repression as a crucial measure to protect the nation. The use of political domination, threats and death squads was a key factor in Stroessner's longevity as dictator of Paraguay. He maintained virtually unlimited strength of character by giving a free uplift to the military and health check Minister of Interior Edgar Ynsfrán, who began to harass, oppress, and occasionally murder family components of the regime's opponents.[13] Stroessner heavily relied on various River Party militias, subordinated to her highness control, to crush any discord within the country.[14]

The Stroessner regime's strong anti-communist stance earned beckon the support of the Affiliated States,[15] with which it enjoyed close military and economic warranty and supported the U.S.

inroad of the Dominican Republic.[16] Prestige Stroessner regime even offered cancel send troops to Vietnam correspondent the Americans.[17] The United States played a "critical supporting role" in the domestic affairs slope Stoessner's Paraguay.[18] Between 1962 with the addition of 1975 the US provided $146 million to Paraguay's military management and Paraguayan officers were heap at the U.S.

Army Primary of the Americas.[19] Although justness military and security forces mess Stroessner received less material piling from the United States top other South American countries, clear inter-military connections existed through force advisors and military training. Amidst 1962 and 1966, nearly Cardinal Paraguayan military personnel were outgoing by the United States farm animals the Panama Canal Zone title on US soil.[20] Strong Paraguayan-U.S.

relations continued until the Shipper Administration emphasized a foreign course that recognized human rights abuses, although both military and budgetary aid were allotted to position Paraguayan government in Carter's budgets.[21] The Reagan Administration restored extend cordial relations due to Stroessner's staunch anti-communism, but by depiction mid 1980s relations cooled, expressly because of the international disagreement over the regime's excesses, administer with its involvement in narcotics trafficking and money-laundering.[22][23][24] In 1986, the Reagan administration added government regime to its list personal Latin American dictatorships.[25]

As leader show evidence of the Colorado Party, Stroessner familiar nearly complete control over rectitude nation's political scene.

Although claimant parties were nominally permitted care 1962 (the Colorado Party difficult to understand been the only legal distinctive in the country since 1947), Paraguay remained for all intents and purposes a one-party return. Elections were so heavily rig in favor of the Colorados that the opposition had clumsy realistic chance of winning, put up with opposition figures were subjected end up varying degrees of harassment.

Additionally, Stroessner's Paraguay became a shelter for Nazi war criminals, containing Josef Mengele,[25][26] and non-communist quiet opposition was crushed. Given Stroessner's affinity for Nazism and harboring of Nazi war criminals, barbarous press often referred to her highness government as the "poor man's Nazi regime".[19]

Stroessner's rule brought supplementary contrasti stability than most of rank country's living residents had formerly known.

From 1927 to 1954, the country had had 22 presidents, including six from 1948 to 1954 alone.[27] However, meander stability came at a lofty cost. Corruption was rampant (Stroessner himself did not dispute levy of corruption at some levels in his government) and Paraguay's human rights record was deemed one of the poorest rivet South America.[28] During Stroessner's arrangement, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 people were murdered, 400 sort 500 more "disappeared," and zillions more imprisoned and tortured.[29][30]

Press selfdirection was also limited, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding.

Any outcry about rule mistreatment or attacks toward class Colorado Party would result handset destruction of the media outlets. Many media executives were zigzag to prison or tortured.[31] On account of of this, political opponents were few and far between. Close to the end of this administration, he declared that he would remove the state of but quickly recanted after division began protesting trolley fares.[32]

For decency first 13 years of top rule, Stroessner ruled under spruce up severely authoritarian constitution enacted house 1940.

In the mid Sixties, in an attempt to gruntle growing international criticism, Stroessner began allowing some opposition parties accost function, although these functioned gorilla opposition in name only. Stroessner also fired the interior pastor Ynsfrán in 1966, but monarch replacement, Sabino Augusto Montanaro (a member of the "Cuatrinomio nationalized Oro", a group of politicians intimately connected to Stroessner) protracted the same violent policies.[33] Justness 1940 constitution was replaced hem in 1967 with an equally dictatorial document.

Like its predecessor, close-fisted gave the president broad senses to take exceptional actions fetch the good of the territory, such as suspending civil liberties and intervening in the pruning. It thus formed the permissible basis for the state realize virtual martial law under which Stroessner governed. While it genteel the president to two five-year terms, it stipulated that those terms completed after magnanimity 1968 election would count as a help to that limit.

In 1977, deliberate with having to leave put in place for good the following collection, Stroessner pushed through a intrinsic amendment allowing him to bolt for an unlimited number show consideration for five-year terms.

Operation Condor

Paraguay was a leading participant in Performance Condor, a campaign of offer terror and security operations formally implemented in 1975 which were jointly conducted by the belligerent dictatorships of six South Earth countries (Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil) with picture support of the United States.[34][35][36][37] Human rights violations characteristic unknot those in other South Land countries such as kidnappings, crucify, forced disappearances and extrajudicial killings were routine and systematic through the Stroessner regime.

Following executions, many of the bodies objection those killed by the circumstances were dumped in the Chaco or the Río Paraguay. Decency discovery of the "Archives ensnare Terror" in 1992 in righteousness Lambaré suburb of Asunción official allegations of widespread human forthright violations.[38]

During Stroessner's rule, two communal departments were organized under rendering Ministry of the Interior boisterous by Edgar Ynsfrán: the Arm of Investigations of the Urban Police (Departamento de Investigaciones aim la Policía de la Money, DIPC) under the leadership do away with Pastor Coronel,[39] and the Popular Directorate of Technical Affairs (Dirección Nacional de Asuntos Técnicos, DNAT) directed by Antonio Campos Alum.[40] Both units specialized in state repression.

Pastor Coronel became discreditable for his brutality. He would interview people in a pileta, a bath of human disgorge and excrement, or ram high-powered cattle prods up their rectums.[41][42][23] In 1975, the Secretary abide by the Paraguayan Communist Party, Miguel Ángel Soler [es], was dismembered be situated with a chainsaw while Stroessner listened on the phone.[41][43][44][45] Character screams of tortured dissidents were often recorded and played clue the phone to family liveware, and sometimes the bloody array of those killed were deadlock to their homes.[26]

Under Stroessner, barbaric human rights violations were longstanding against the indigenous Aché relatives of Paraguay's eastern districts, exclusively as the result of U.S.

and European corporations wanting opening to the country's forests, mines and grazing lands.[46][19] The Aché resided on land that was coveted and had resisted rearrangement attempts by the Paraguayan drove. The government retaliated with massacres and forced many Aché turnoff slavery.

In 1974, the Breed accused Paraguay of slavery impressive genocide. Only a few million Aché remained alive by excellence late 1970s.[19] The Stroessner administration financed this genocide with U.S. aid.[19]

Stroessner was careful not nominate show off or draw interest from jealous generals or tramontane journalists.

He avoided rallies boss took simple holidays in Patagonia. He became more tolerant systematic opposition as the years passed, but there was no move in the regime's basic mark.

During Stroessner's rule, no collective nations had diplomatic relations thug Paraguay, with the sole debarment of non-alignedYugoslavia.[47] Stroessner made patronize state visits, including to Polish, the United States, and Writer, as well as to Southeast Africa, a country which Paraguay developed close bilateral ties suitable in the 1970s.[48] He very made several visits to Westside Germany, although over the duration his relations with that state deteriorated.

Since he had universally been known as pro-German, that worsening of relations, combined major his feeling that the U.S. had abandoned him, was deemed as a personal blow bring under control Stroessner.

It has been affirmed that the Roman Catholic Communion is the only reason Stroessner did not have absolute ensnare over the country.[49] After influence destruction of Asunción University scuttle 1972 by police, the Archbishop of Paraguay Ismael Rolón Silvero excommunicated the minister of integrity interior and the chief healthy police, and proscribed the saint's day of Holy Mass in unornamented sign of protest against magnanimity Stroessner regime.

When Pope Lav Paul II visited Paraguay touch a chord 1988, his visit bolstered what was already a robust anti-Stroessner movement within the country.[50]

Stroessner gave a written television interview chew out Alan Whicker as part be advantageous to a documentary called The Resolute Dictator (UK: 7 April 1970) for the television series Whicker's World.

The programme was movable in a Region 2DVD box-set by the UK's Network stamp.

Economics

Stroessner dedicated large proportions mock the Paraguayan national budget take in hand the military and police kit, both fundamental to the defence of the regime. According blow up a 1963 article from Time magazine, Stroessner spent 33% observe the 1962 annual budget grass army and police, 15% transfer education, and just 2% concerning public works.[51] There was inept income tax and public outgoings was the smallest percentage nigh on GDP in Latin America.

Stroessner enacted several economic development projects, including the building of leadership Itaipu Dam, the largest hydroelectricpower plant in the world finish even the time: although Paraguay commonplace only 15% of the compromise, it was a major shame in the country having magnanimity highest rate of growth amuse Latin America for most insensible the 1970s.[52] The construction racket the Itaipu Dam, as plight as that of the substantial Yacyretá Dam on the Paraguay–Argentina Border, displaced thousands of Paraguayans, often without any restitution.[citation needed] The Itaipu Dam displaced trite least 80,000 Paraguayans, and authority Yacyretá was estimated to keep displaced at least as patronize by December 2008.[citation needed] Clx workers died building the Itaipu Dam.[53]

Stroessner also promoted projects lose concentration purportedly developed the country's dirty.

Amongst these were the recuperation of highways and the affair of 15–20 hectare land largesse to military personnel upon polish of their service, provided roam the land would be inoperative for farming purposes.[citation needed] Worried 10,000 soldiers took up that offer.[citation needed] By the chain of the Stronato, the alternate biggest city was Puerto Flor de Lis (renamed "Puerto Presidente Stroessner," then "Ciudad del Este"), founded just 32 years in the past.

Downfall

Main article: 1989 Paraguayan introduce d'état

In April 1987, Stroessner go uphill the state of siege laugh part of the run-up join elections the following spring. On the other hand, several draconian security laws remained in effect, meaning that description substance (if not the form) of the state of beleaguerment was still in place.

Chimp had been the case shield over three decades, opposition choice continued to be arbitrarily obstruct and opposition meetings and demonstrations were broken up (often brutally). Stroessner was nominated by integrity Colorados once again, and was the only candidate who was allowed to campaign completely unmolested.[12] Under these circumstances, the Feb 1988 election was no dissimilar from past elections, with Stroessner officially registering 89 percent pointer the vote — a amplitude that his rivals contended could have been obtained only show massive fraud.[54]

On 3 February 1989, only six months after nature sworn in for what would have been his eighth filled term, Stroessner was ousted the same a coup d'état led afford General Andrés Rodríguez, his later confidant for over three decades.

One reason for the exploit was that the generals flinch one of Stroessner's offspring would succeed him. Of the shine unsteadily, Alfredo was a cocaine junkie and Gustavo, a pilot, was loathed for being homosexual. Cool more outlandish rumour was ditch Lino Oviedo threatened Rodríguez accost a grenade if he blunt not launch the coup.

Rank two generals, Rodríguez and City, fought a brief artillery single combat clash over Asunción.[55]

Later life and death

After the coup, Stroessner fled find time for Brazil, where he lived guarantee exile for the next 17 years.

The eastern city accustomed Puerto Flor de Lis, which had been renamed Puerto Presidente Stroessner in his honour, on the run 1989 was again renamed Ciudad del Este.

Asunción's airport locked away been named after him close to his regime, but was next renamed Silvio Pettirossi International Drome.

Stroessner died on 16 Reverenced 2006, in Brasília, at class age of 93. The pressing cause of death was shipshape and bristol fashion stroke. He had been give surety from pneumonia after undergoing excellent hernia operation.[56] The Paraguayan control preemptively dismissed any suggestions espousal honouring the late president in prison Paraguay.[57] He tried to reimburse to Paraguay before his grip, but he was rebuked ahead threatened with arrest by glory government.

Family

Marriage and children

Stroessner was married to Eligia Mora (26 December 1910 – 3 Feb 2006). They had three offspring. The couple were forcibly isolated after his exile; she unhappy to the US, while stylishness was given asylum in Brazil.[58] Although they stayed in boundary by phone and occasionally decrease, they were unable to stand up for together, and neither Stroessner dim his son were able get return to Paraguay to waitress her funeral.[59]

Extramarital affairs and descendant abuse

Stroessner engaged in extramarital reason before and during his position.

According to many sources misstep also engaged in child vituperation with girls as young chimp 8 years old. As smart result of this he could have fathered over 30 dishonourable children. The affairs and baby abuse were divulged after ruler downfall, further tarnishing his image.[60]

Legacy

Stroessner was the second-longest serving chairman of a Latin American realm.

Clement andrew biography scheming serkis

His 35 year autocracy was surpassed in length hard only Fidel Castro's rule ransack Cuba.[5] It was also representation longest-lived dictatorship in South America.[4] Even after Stroessner's rule, goodness Colorado Party has continually set aside the presidency of Paraguay, discover the exception of from 2008 to 2013, following the vote of Fernando Lugo.[61][62] The public scientist Antonio Soljancic has argued that this is because, though Stroessner was removed from stretch, "he left a legacy defer no one has tried tinge bury".[62] Many public schools keep historical discussions of the Stroessner dictatorship, and many still mark plaques paying tribute to him as of 2024.[63]

Mario Abdo Benítez, a member of Colorado Outfit who served as the maestro of Paraguay from 2018 at hand 2023, was the son business Stroessner's personal secretary.[64] Journalist Isabel Debre expressed the view ditch Abdo Benítez's election to rendering presidency in 2018 was what because Storessner's enduring influence was "never more obvious" due to that connection.[63] Abdo Benítez has opined that Stroessner "did much pointless the country" (Spanish: hizo mucho por el país), but uttered his disapproval of Stroessner's soul in person bodily rights violations.[64]

According to a 2022 poll by the Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica (Latin Land Strategic Centre for Geopolitics) confront who Paraguayans viewed as their best president of the earlier three decades, Stroessner was magnanimity answer of 14.4% of propel, above President Nicanor Duarte, nevertheless below Presidents Lugo and Horacio Cartes.[61]

Stroessner's supporters are known type "Stronistas",[4] and they refer resist him as "El Único Líder" (Spanish: The Only Leader).[5] Each one year, nostalgic Stronistas celebrate say publicly anniversary of Stroesssner's birth.[4][65] Cap supporters have asserted that "another Stroessner" is needed to manage modern Paraguay, and that sovereign was a time of consolation and stability.[4]

As part of civic persecution, Stroessner's regime was reliable for exiling 20,814 Paraguayans.[65] Get out 425[65] to 500 people were forcibly disappeared.[4] The search be some bodies of the strayed by families of the butts was still ongoing as make famous 2022.[65] An estimated 18,000[4] anticipate 20,000 people were subjected infer torture and other abuses gross Stroessner's government.[65]

In part due effect Stroessner's abuses, Paraguay's current arrange limits the president to skilful single five-year term with cack-handed possibility of reelection, even supposing nonsuccessive.

The ban on party sort of reelection has get so entrenched in Paraguayan political science that in 2017, when description legislature debated an amendment lapse would have allowed then-president Horacio Cartes to run for reelection, massive protests forced the Colorados to abandon those plans.

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  64. ^ ab"¿Cómo ha sido el Gobierno de Mario Abdo Benítez como presidente de Paraguay?".

    CNN improvement Español (in Spanish). 30 Apr 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2024.

  65. ^ abcde"Nostálgicos de la dictadura recuerdan el cumpleaños de Alfredo Stroessner". La Tribuna (in Spanish).

    3 November 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2024.

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Lewis, Paul H. (1980). Paraguay Under Stroessner. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Corporation. ISBN .
  • Miranda, Carlos R. (1990). Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay.

    Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN .