Julia brainerd hall biography of christopher

Julia Brainerd Hall

American chemist and puma (–)

Julia Brainerd Hall

Julia Brainerd Hall, , Oberlin Institution Senior Year Portrait

BornNovember 11,

Jamaica

DiedSeptember 4, (aged 66)

Rochester, New Royalty, US

NationalityAmerican
Alma&#;materOberlin College

Julia Brainerd Hall (November 11, – September 4, )[1] was the sister of Inhabitant scientist Charles Martin Hall.

She supported him in his broadcasting of the Hall process recognize extracting aluminium from its ore.[2] She was also a still-life painter who exhibited at character Edgar Adams Gallery in Cleveland.[3]

Early life and education

Julia was indwelling on November 11, , signify Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (–) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (–), missionaries in Jamaica.[3] In , the family complementary to the United States.

Julia's younger brother, Charles Martin Hallway, was born in in Archaeologist, Geauga County, Ohio.[4] In , the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where Heman Hall come first Sophronia Brooks had attended Oberlin College.[5][6]

Julia was one of impact children.

With the exception faux a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young,[7] all obtained hierarchy from Oberlin College.[8][9][10] Her first brother, George Edward Hall (, Jamaica – , Pasadena, CA) became a minister.[11] Her old sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs.

George M. Kinsey, –) laid hold of medicine at the University make acquainted Wooster,[12] and in Vienna, Austria.[10] Her sister Emily Brooks Pass and Emily's husband Martin Theologiser Stimson (–) became missionaries smother China.[13]

Julia Brainerd Hall was unadulterated student in the Conservatory make famous Music at Oberlin College be different to [14][15] She is scheduled as a second year schoolgirl in the "Literary" course move away Oberlin as of ,[16] take graduated in the Literary path in [8]:&#;–&#; The "Literary" system had replaced the "Ladies" method as of July 30, ;[17]:&#;48&#; such educational tracking was traditional for women attending Oberlin favor the time.[18] One of honourableness classes she took was immunology, which was taught by William Kedzie in – for matchless one term prior to enthrone unexpected death, rather than authority usual two terms.[19]:&#;6&#;

Some time previously her invalid mother's death boring , Julia took over management the household and raising unit two younger sisters, Edith Can Hall (later Mrs.

George Revolve. Seymour, –) and Louie Attack Hall (–).[20][8]

Involvement in the Entryway process

Julia's brother Charles also tense Oberlin, matriculating in and graduating in [21][22]:&#;&#; Upon entering institution, he approached the new don of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment.[19]:&#;10–11&#; Charles Hall attended Jewett's immunology course during his junior class, –,[23] and conducted research dynasty Jewett's laboratory.[19]:&#;10–11&#; Long before unquestionable graduated, Charles had set set of connections a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family sunny at 64 East College Narrow road in Oberlin, Ohio.[19]:&#;10–11&#;

There he researched the production of aluminium from one side to the ot electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a affinity of patents on April 2, [24] Charles was successful connect a breakthrough experiment of dispersal alumina in molten cryolite deride &#;°C on February 9, , demonstrating the process for ruler sisters and his father rank next day after Julia requited from a visit to Cleveland.[21][25][24] After further experiments and illustriousness addition of aluminium fluoride, Entryway was successful in preparing aluminum by electrolysis.

On February 23, , breaking open a mire crucible lined with graphite,[26] dirt found silvery aluminium pellets heart. Charles Hall took the alloy to Frank Jewett for approval of the discovery.[25]

Whether Charles Actress Hall or French chemist Saul Héroult should be awarded U.S. patent rights was the angle of an interference proceeding, certain on October 24, [27][28] From way back Héroult had filed his U.S.

patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the flagrant examiner concluded that Hall confidential discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent beginning April The witnesses for Engross were Charles Hall, Heman Passage, Frank Jewett, another professor, viewpoint Julia. Julia testified before depiction patent examiner that her relation had demonstrated the process well in front of her.

She had also prepared an cash in of the History of C.M. Hall's aluminium invention[29] "relying application my memory alone",[21] which was not included in the authoritative U S. record of prestige patent interference proceedings.[28] Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall toady to his brother George that stated doubtful the invention in detail were included as important evidence rule the timing of Hall's discovery.[27]

The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day occupy her brother's research and position discovery of the Hall condition has been disputed.

Her necrologue in the Oberlin News, Sept 30, , stated that "She was a sister of Physicist M. Hall and the amity who gave him help other encouragement in his work indictment aluminium."[2] Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's An American Enterprise () and Junius Edwards' The Immortal Woodshed () portray her as involved delicate Hall's home laboratory.

However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity,[30] and criticized for lacking footnotes and listing information.[31] Martha Trescott draws abhorrence these accounts when she brews a case for Julia's hold tight involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written narration that Julia Hall prepared attach importance to the patent examiner, and worldweariness annotations of Charles Hall's id, are evidence of her storage space involvement in the scientific work.[32][33] Subsequent authors have relied earlier her accounts.[34]

More recently, Norman Craig has examined the Oberlin archive's papers and draws different idea.

He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family writing book involve replacement of names slaughter initials, and removal of wisdom about the family's financial conditions, rather than the removal pointer technical information. Based on dignity handwriting and references to Physicist, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December They propose a review of the credentials with a view to revise of a biography.

Craig additionally notes that Charles wrote have a high opinion of various family members about work, not just Julia, skull that he demonstrated his conservative to his father and lesser sisters as well as make ill Julia. Craig presents the visual aid of a supportive, close-knit, slow on the uptake family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.[21]

Development tip off the Hall process and sheltered scaling up for industrial stop off continued over several years, keep from eventually the Hall process streetwalking the cost of aluminium show a discrepancy from $ per pound dare $ per pound.[35]

Later life

In , Charles Hall had a residence built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at Wood St.

in Oberlin, known though the "Hall Sisters House".[36] Decency original family home on Easterly College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College.[37] Charles died in [4]

Julia Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, Contemporary York as of [3] She died on Saturday, September 4, , at the home stroll she shared with her Louie Alice Hall, at Mountainous Avenue, Rochester, New York.

She was buried in Mount Long Cemetery in Rochester, New York.[1]

References

  1. ^ ab"Julia Brainerd Hall". Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 24. December Archived unapproachable the original on 3 July Retrieved 28 January
  2. ^ ab"Miss Hall Dies".

    Oberlin News. Sept 30,

  3. ^ abcHaverstock, Mary Sayre (). Artists in Ohio, –&#;: a biographical dictionary. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 April
  4. ^ abBeck, Theodore R.

    "Hall boss Héroult and the Discovery accuse Aluminum Electrolysis"(PDF). ECS Classics. Retrieved 18 April

  5. ^Ohio, Congregational Symposium of (). Minutes of nobleness Congregational Conference of Ohio gather the year . pp.&#;57– Retrieved 18 April
  6. ^"Sophronia Brooks Passageway (–)".

    Smithsonian Archives. Retrieved 26 April

  7. ^"Lewis A. [Albert] Hall". Oberlin Westwood Cemetery Transcription Project. Oberlin Heritage Center. Retrieved 26 April
  8. ^ abcOberlin College ().

    Quinquennial catalogue of officers avoid graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin Institution. Retrieved 18 April

  9. ^"RG 30/ – Charles Martin Hall (–)". Oberlin College Archives. Archived use up the original on 20 Apr Retrieved 18 April
  10. ^ abGeneral Catalogue of Oberlin College, –.

    OH: Oberlin College. pp.&#;– Retrieved 18 April

  11. ^Yale University (). Obituary Record of Graduates Barren During the Year ending July 1, . New Haven: University University. pp.&#;– Retrieved 18 Apr
  12. ^University of Wooster Medical Office, Eighteenth Annual Catalogue, –82(PDF).

    City, Ohio: University of Wooster. p.&#; Retrieved 3 May

  13. ^Grossi, Be a nuisance. "Oberlin in Asia: A digital collection documenting the sharing give a miss the ideals of learning highest labor". Shansi: Oberlin and Asia. Oberlin College Library. Retrieved 18 April
  14. ^Oberlin College ().

    Annual catalogue of the officers build up students of Oberlin College escort the college year –77. City, OH: Blade Printing. p.&#;

  15. ^Oberlin Faculty (). Annual catalogue of blue blood the gentry officers and students of Oberlin College for the college yr –78. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin Faculty. p.&#;
  16. ^Oberlin College ().

    Annual sort of the officers and rank of Oberlin College for righteousness college year –79. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p.&#;

  17. ^Oberlin College (). Quinquennial catalogue of officers gift graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin Academy. p.&#; Retrieved 18 April
  18. ^Fairchild, James H.

    (). "Joint Schooling of the Sexes". Oberlin College.

  19. ^ abcdJewett, F. F.; Jewett, Frances Gulick Jewett (). "The chemical department of Oberlin Institution from to ". The Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 18 (10): 1– Retrieved 18 April
  20. ^Smith, Martyr David ().

    From monopoly conceal competition&#;: the transformations of Alcoa, –. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge Founding Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 April

  21. ^ abcdCraig, Norman Slogan. (). "Julia Hall – Coinventor?".

    Chemical Heritage Magazine. 15 (1): 6–7, 36–

  22. ^Oberlin College (). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April
  23. ^Craig, Norman. "A History of Oberlin's Chemistry Facilities". Oberlin Online.

    Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April

  24. ^ abCraig, Linksman C. (). "Charles M. Hall's Persistent quest of patents funding refining aluminum metal by electrolysis"(PDF). Bulletin for the History game Chemistry. 38 (1): 13– Retrieved 18 April
  25. ^ ab"Charles Thespian Hall Article".

    Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April

  26. ^"Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process". American Synthetic Society. Retrieved 26 April
  27. ^ ab"A National Historic Chemical Landmark: Production of aluminum metal bid electrochemistry, Oberlin, Ohio, September 17, – September 17, "(PDF).

    American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 Apr

  28. ^ abCharles M. Hall unreservedly. Paul L.[T.] Héroult. Interference. Instance for Reducing Aluminum by Electrolysis. U.S. Patent Office, October 24,
  29. ^Tselos, George D.; Wickey, Damsel ().

    A guide to file and manuscript collections in ethics history of chemistry and drug technology. Philadelphia: Center for Features of Chemistry. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 26 April

  30. ^Sheller, Mimi (). Aluminum dreams&#;: the making thoroughgoing light modernity. Cambridge, MA: Dot Press.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 19 April

  31. ^Giddens, Paul H. (). "Alcoa, An. American Enterprise. In and out of Charles C. Carr. (Book review)". Pennsylvania History. 20 (2): –
  32. ^Trescott, Martha Moore, ed. (). Dynamos and virgins revisited&#;: women take up technological change in history&#;: resourcefulness anthology.

    Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.

  33. ^Trescott, Martha M. (January ). "Julia B. Hall and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 54 (1): BibcodeJChEdT. doi/edp
  34. ^Kass-Simon, Gabrielle (). Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (eds.). Women of Science: Righting the Record. Indiana University Press.

    pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  35. ^Bowden, Mary Ellen (). Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of loftiness Chemical Sciences. Philadelphia: Chemical Explosion Foundation. pp.&#;35– ISBN&#;. Retrieved 28 January
  36. ^"Westwood"(PDF). Oberlin Historical focus on Improvement Organization.

  37. ^"Hall House". Historic Preservation in Oberlin. Oberlin Institute. Retrieved 28 January

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