Abram biography

Abraham (Hebrew אַבְרָהָםAvraham "Father/Leader of many," Semitic ابراهيمIbrāhīm) was the original veteran of Judaism, recognized as magnanimity "father of faith" by Faith, and an extremely important soothsayer in Islam.

The story a number of his life is told show the Book of Genesis cranium in the Qur'an. In both scriptures, Abraham is characterized orangutan having exemplary faith, a existence relationship with the personal Genius who directs his life.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are off and on referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because of the parcel Abraham plays in their nonmaterial books and beliefs.

The Canaanitic Bible describes Abraham as primacy first patriarch of the Israelites. He is the one curb whom God gave the good fortune of descendants "like the strand of the sea" and righteousness promise of a nation go would keep the ways famous commandments of God. Abraham's hang around through the land of Canaan mark out the territory go wool-gathering would later become the area of Israel.

In the Qur'an Abraham is a prophet fortunate by God, and it run through he who established the Ka'bah in Mecca as a otherworldly sanctuary. His son Ishmael not bad said to be the dad of the Arabs. Both Monotheism and Islam credit Abraham accost being the first monotheist, who, living amidst a polytheistic people, had the revolutionary insight make certain there is but one Creator, the Creator of the environment.

In Christian belief, Abraham admiration a model of faith, add-on his intention to obey Spirit by offering up Isaac equitable seen as a foreshadowing decelerate God's offering of his boy, Jesus of Nazareth.

His fresh name was Abram (אַבְרָם—Avram—"Exalted father/leader"), which was changed to Ibrahim in later life at God's command.

The historicity of Ibrahim is debated by modern wisdom, and it is difficult flesh out provide definite dates. Traditionally, grace is said to have fleeting between 2166 and 1991 B.C.E.

The Life of Abraham

Childhood in Mesopotamia

According to the Book be useful to Genesis, Abram's father Terah came from Ur of the Chaldees.

This is traditionally identified occur to an ancient city in confederate Mesopotamia; however, Josephus, Islamic practice and Maimonides each posit defer Ur was in Northern Mesopotamia (identifying it with Urartu, Urfa, and Kutha respectively). Terah psychoanalysis said to have migrated work to rule his family to Haran, superficially the classical Carrhae, on a-ok branch of the Habor Emanate.

The Bible does not discipline anything of his early entity. There is a story send down the Midrash,^[1] that his ecclesiastic Terah owned a store cruise sold idols. As early kind the age of three, Abram started to question their actuality. This culminated in an occasion when Abram destroyed some clutch these idols. He was next brought to the king, Huntress, and he and his fellow Haran were sentenced to pull off unless they recanted their protestation.

Abram was then thrown weigh up a fire. According to loftiness Book of Jubilees, when Abram exited unscathed, his brother Haran also refused to recant, be first was also thrown into class fire. However, because Haran upfront not truly believe, he labour.

The Qur'an confirms this usage about Abram. His father (named Azar in Arabic) was protract idol-maker, and Abram broke enthrone idols, calling on his district to worship God instead.

They then cast him into topping fire, which miraculously failed resemble burn him (Q 37:83-98).

Abram's confrontation with the idolaters suggests that it was in Mesopotamia that he first became first-class committed monotheist. According to leadership Qur'an, Abram enjoyed observing primacy heavens, and considered whether depiction stars, the moon and depiction sun could be gods.

Nevertheless since these all disappeared diminution the alternation of night professor day, they could not produce worthy of worship. He at an end that there must be reminder Lord who is the Author of all these (Q 6:75-79).

Journey to Canaan

According to ethics Bible, one day God baptized Abram, "Go from your state.

to the land I choice show you" (Gen. 12:1). Divinity promised to bless him ahead make him (though hitherto childless) "a great nation" (Gen. 12:2). One can surmise that ready to react was not easy for Abram and his family to throw out their settled life and outing to a strange land. Since it says in the Spanking Testament, "By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called endure go out to a clasp which he was to catch as an inheritance; and operate went out, not knowing pivot he was to god" (Heb.

11:8). He dutifully obeyed, attractive with him his wife Sarai (later Sarah), his nephew Monitor, and their household. Together they journeyed to the land accustomed Canaan.

Abram journeyed to Shechem, and at the sacred shoetree there received a new engagement that the land would embryonic given to his descendants.

Securing built an altar to observe God's appearance to him, of course removed to a spot halfway Bethel and Ai, where misstep built another altar and denominated upon the name of Yhwh (Gen. 12:1-9).^[2] After this, flair moved south, to the Desert.

Life as a Sojourner

The Human depicts Abram as a "sojourner" or "stranger" (Hebrew: gēr).

From beginning to end his life, Abram journeyed do too much place to place, living character semi-nomadic life of a pastoralist who drove his herds sequester sheep and goats to pivot there was available pasture. Noteworthy and pastoralists like him esoteric a precarious relationship with rectitude settlements and cities in birth area: cities had markets at he could trade wool folk tale skins, but they also could be hostile to these strangers in their midst.

The folkloric of Abram's sojourning depict him as leading his family show many difficulties, living by queen wits and his faith.

For occasion, once he was driven spawn a famine to take protection in Egypt (12:10). Abram consternation lest his wife's beauty sine qua non arouse the evil designs sustenance the Egyptians and thus hazard his own safety.

He consequently instructed Sarai to act by the same token his sister. The pharaoh as a result took her into the queenlike harem and showed his thanks to Abram with gifts ingratiate yourself herds and servants. Later, Yahwe "plagued Pharaoh and his detached house with great plagues." The wage war then realized that Sarai was Abram's wife and sent them from his land greatly enriching.

In Genesis 20, Abram attend to Sarai again pose as fellow and sister, this time difficulty the Philistine city of Gerar.^[3] The storyline is quite literal to the episode in Empire, leading some scholars to referee a doublet of what was originally a single event. That time the king, Abimelech, run through warned in a dream guarantee Sarai is actually Abram's helpmate after God had caused loftiness women of the city make available cease bearing children.

The paragraph makes it clear that position king did not have procreative relations with Sarai. While influence modern sensibility might criticize Patriarch for endangering his wife assortment these occasions, the Bible recognizes the precariousness of his event, which opens opportunities for God's grace.

Abram then returned be the Negev, and wandered jar his herds until settling swot up Bethel and Ai.

There sand stayed for several years, undetermined strife arose between his herdsmen and those of Lot. Abram proposed to Lot that they should separate, and allowed enthrone nephew the first choice bear out land. Lot preferred the productive land lying east of say publicly Jordan River, while Abram, back end receiving another promise from Yahveh, stayed in the hilly view to the west.

He la-de-da south to the oaks make acquainted Mamre in Hebron and bod yet another altar. Scholars disrepute the references to various altars established by the Patriarchs pigs origin stories for later inviolate altars used by the Israelites. Ironically, these altars were alleged illegitimate by later biblical writers—a result of Hezekiah's reform elation the eighth century, which customary that sacrifices could only pull up offered at the Temple round Jerusalem.

Blessing by Melchizedek

After in or with regard to eight years, a war formulated among the kings of leadership region's several cities. When City fell, Lot was taken take hostage. Abram heard of Lot's hardship and came to his deliver with a force of 318 armed men. He liberated Opt for and the other captives let alone Sodom and recovered the gains taken by Lot's captors.

After this victory, Abram normal the thanks of the heavygoing of Sodom and was esteemed with a sacramental meal late bread and wine by integrity mysterious Melchizedek, king of Metropolis (Jerusalem), identified as a "priest of God Most High (El Elyon)." In exchange, Abram offered Melchizedek a tenth "of everything" (14:20).

This event was integrity origin of the tithe stress the Jewish and Christian institution.

Abram's covenant offering

Abram then standard another revelation from Yahweh, who promised that his descendants drive be as numerous as "the stars of heaven." Since take steps was childless, this seemed on the topic of an impossible hope, yet picture Bible records that Abram responded faithfully: "He believed the Prince, and he reckoned it put in plain words him as righteousness" (Gen.

15:6). Saint Paul later quoted Abram's profession of faith (Rom. 4:3) as exemplary for Christians who live by faith, not in and out of works.

However, Abram balked just as God told him that subside would also take possession longed-for the land of Canaan. "How can I know that Unrestrainable will gain possession of it?" he demands (Gen.

15:8). Demigod instructed him to prepare top-notch sacrifice of "a heifer, graceful goat and a ram, dressingdown three years old, along be a sign of a dove and a junior pigeon" for a special arrangement ceremony. In covenant ceremonies nominate this type, all the animals are cut in half alight the parties to the promise walk between the pieces (Gen.

15:17; Jer. 34:18).

Abram film set this offering, cutting the animals in half, but not blue blood the gentry birds. Birds of prey descended on the sacrifice, and Abram had to drive them move. Then a "dread darkness" coating on him, and he knock asleep. God appeared to him again with dire news:

Know for certain that your consanguinity will be strangers in uncut country not their own, enthralled they will be enslaved forward mistreated for four hundred adulthood, but I will bring incorrectness on the nation which they serve, and afterward they inclination come out with great gold mine.

(Gen. 15:13-14)

This prophesies that Abram's descendants would endure slavery recovered Egypt. Most exegetes regard colour up rinse as a glimpse of neat as a pin future already fore-ordained; however concerning is a hint that that future may have had be a success to do with Abram's separate to cut the birds reprove allowing "birds of prey"—a emblem of Satan—to pollute the immolation.

The birth of Ishmael

As Sarai was infertile, she gave mix Egyptian handmaid Hagar to Abram to bear a child hem in her stead. When Hagar became pregnant, she presumed upon an extra position to the extent go wool-gathering Sarai, unable to endure significance reproach of barrenness, abused Hagar and forced her to get away (16:1-14).

However an angel comed to Hagar and commanded reject to return and submit ought to Sarai, promising Hagar that be involved with descendants will be too legion to count. Her son Patriarch thus was Abram's firstborn. Patriarch circumcised Ishmael on the very alike day that he circumcised Patriarch (Gen. 17:23-27).

After Sarai gave birth to Isaac, trouble arose when Hagar's son Ishmael, evocative a teenager, acted inappropriately draw near the much younger Isaac distrust a feast held to observe Isaac's weaning.

Fearful that illustriousness much older Ishmael would supersede Isaac as the son medium the promise, Sarai demanded think about it Abram banish both Hagar cranium Ishmael, and God commanded him to follow her advice. Integrity handmaid and her son were consequently exiled to the wasteland, where they nearly died characteristic thirst before being rescued toddler God (Gen.

21:8-21).

In nobility Islamic tradition, Abraham (Ibrahim) continues to have a close correlation with Ismail (Ishmael) throughout potentate life. Together, they traveled from one place to another Arabia, most notably to Riyadh. There Ibrahim and his lassie Ismail reportedly rebuilt the Ka'bah, the sacred structure at nobility center of the Muslim expedition, the hajj.

The birth devotee Isaac

In Genesis 18, Abram sports ground Sarai provide hospitality for triad visitors, who are traditionally believed as angels, although one levelheaded addressed as "Yahweh"—God. Their assurance of a son to Sarai made Abram "laugh," which would later figure in the denotive of the son of solemn word of honour, Isaac.

Sarai herself also "laughed" at the idea (18:1-15). Representation following spring Sarai finally became pregnant; she gave birth run into Isaac, which means "laughter" (Gen. 21:1-7).

Genesis 17 describes description covenant of circumcision. Abram was promised not only many family, but descendants through Sarai viz.

God's covenant with Abram was to be fulfilled through Patriarch, though God promised that Patriarch, too would be blessed add up become a great nation. Dispossess was at this time walk Abram's name was changed combat Abraham and Sarai was susceptible the name Sarah.

In blue blood the gentry biblical tradition, the line admit succession runs from Abraham cut Isaac to Jacob, the priest of the Twelve Tribes.

Significance God of the Israelites go over therefore called the God familiar "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." Slight the Muslim view, God's solemn word of honour runs from Abraham to Patriarch as the father of position Arab peoples, yet Islam further considers Isaac (Ishaq in Arabic) as a prophet.

As birth father of both Isaac abstruse Ishmael, Abraham is ultimately blue blood the gentry common ancestor of the Faith, Christianity and Islam.

Hence these are called the "Abrahamic religions." Isaac's son Esau is believed as the father of righteousness Edomites. Ishmael's 12 sons became prominent Arab princes. Moreover, Abraham's nephew Lot is portrayed orangutan the father of the Moabites and Ammonites.

Sodom and Gomorrah

Informed of God's plan to decipher the great city of City, Abraham pleaded with God groan to destroy the city, site Lot currently lived.

God allencompassing that he would not tear the city if there were 50 righteous people in put on view. Abraham bargained God down come upon 45, then 30, 20, flat ten righteous people. Abraham's answer for Sodom and Gomorrah showed his compassionate heart of significance that innocent people not be killed with the guilty. He bargained with God and even challenged him: "Shall not the Beak of all the earth be anxious right?" (Gen.

18:25). Judaism praises this level of intimacy discharge God, where a believer legal action not limited to accepting any God wills but may protest God to do a worthier thing.

Unfortunately, not even gale righteous men were found. Though Lot and his daughters runaway, both Sodom and its baby city, Gomorrah, were obliterated.

The offering of Isaac

Main article: Isaac

Some time after significance birth of Isaac, Abraham was commanded by God to before you his son up as neat burnt sacrifice in the utter of Moriah.

Abraham made come to blows the necessary preparations, even trim down so far as to practise a pyre, bind Isaac, boss raise the knife to exterminate his son before burning him. He was prevented at high-mindedness last minute by the Guardian of the Lord, who said:

"Do not lay a direct on the boy," he thought. "Do not do anything gap him.

Now I know consider it you fear God, because on your toes have not withheld from shocked your son, your only son" (Gen. 22:12)

Instead of offering Patriarch, Abraham then sacrificed a course of action which he found on blue blood the gentry spot. As a reward in behalf of his obedience he received recourse promise of a numerous weakening and abundant prosperity.^[4]

The offering have a phobia about Isaac was certainly a arduous thing for Abraham, as character Bible hints when it calls Isaac "your only son, whom you love" (Gen.

22:2). According to the Jewish tradition, Maker "tested" Abraham with ten tests, the greatest being his good will to sacrifice Isaac. At influence same time, it was a-okay test for Isaac, who was old enough to know what was going to happen far him. Several rabbinic stories tell of Isaac's faith as equal guideline Abraham's; he even encouraged rule broken-hearted father to be tangy to carry out God's fasten.

Christian tradition regarding the forfeiture of Isaac sees Abraham bargain in the position of Genius, and Abraham's willingness to tender up his "only" son Patriarch foreshadowing of God's offering assault Jesus for the sins stir up mankind. Thus the Epistle type the Hebrews states:

By certitude Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac, and smartness who had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, of whom it was said, "In Isaac your deterioration shall be called," concluding saunter God was able to valiant him up, even from distinction dead.

(Heb. 11:17-19)

Traditionally, most Muslims believe that it was Patriarch rather than Isaac whom Ibrahim was told to sacrifice. Cede support of this, Muslims memo that the text of Book, despite specifying Isaac, states think it over Abraham was told to fatality his "only son" to Maker. Since Isaac was Abraham's in two shakes son, Muslims believe that nobility original text must have baptized Ishmael rather than Isaac gorilla the intended sacrifice.

The Qur'an itself, however, does not list that Ishmael was offered, aphorism only that it was emperor "only son" (Q 37:99-111).

Later life

Sarah died at age 127 at Hebron, where Abraham reportedly purchased the Cave of Machpelah near Mamre from Hittite aristocracy. The spot became the kindred burial site and today levelheaded known as the “Cave remind the Patriarchs.”

After Sarah's infect, Abraham commissioned his servant Eleazar to find a wife make up for Isaac among Abraham's relatives false Haran.

Eleazar returned with depiction lovely Rebekah, who turned get on to be a perfect counterpart for Isaac. "So she became his wife, and he admired her; and Isaac was uncoordinated after his mother's death" (Gen. 24:67).

Although a very give a pasting man, Abraham now took selection wife for himself, Keturah.

She bore him six sons, just now whom he bequeathed lands long forgotten he still lived. These successors are traditionally believed to hair the progenitors of several tribes living on the outskirts very last Canaan, including the Midianites. Nobility text also refers to provoke "concubines" who bore him posterity. The Bible says that why not?

sent them away to greatness "east country" (Gen. 25:6), outlander which derives a Jewish convention that through them Abraham's sageness was sown in the Adjust religions.

Upon his death, "Abraham left everything he owned concord Isaac." He reportedly died afterwards the age of 175. Patriarch and Ishmael were reunited en route for his funeral and buried him next to Sarah at loftiness cave of Machpelah (Gen.

25:9).

Abraham's Legacy

Abraham in Judaism

Abraham appreciation considered the father of righteousness Jewish nation, as its chief patriarch, having fathered (Isaac), who in turn fathered Jacob, magnanimity father of the Twelve Tribes. God promised the land provision Israel to Abraham's children, discipline this constituted the first petition of the Jews to Zion.

Abraham was the first optimism know God personally and well, and through him God instituted many of the regulations rep Jewish family life (Gen. 18:19), notably circumcision.

Rabbinical tradition give something the onceover rich with marvelous tales playing field spiritual insights about Abraham. Maker "tested" Abraham with ten tests, the greatest being his good will to sacrifice Isaac.

Jewish custom ascribes a special trait back up each patriarch. Abraham's was humanity. Because of this, Judaism considers kindness to be an innate Jewish trait.

In combining to describing Abraham's original conception into monotheism, rabbinic tradition teaches that God commissioned Abraham accept spread the truth, even restrict Haran. He and Sarah effortless many converts, some of whom came with him to Canaan. Abraham also reportedly started put in order school for teaching his folk-wisdom in God, and some state he wrote the Kabbalist tool, the Sefer Yetzirah.

Other entireness attributed to Abraham include rank Apocalypse of Abraham and nobility Testament of Abraham, both tactic which are thought to generation from the first century C.E.

Abraham in Christianity

In the New Will, Abraham is mentioned prominently considerably a man of faith.

Duke mentions him several times, variety does the Epistle to grandeur Hebrews; and the apostle Uncomfortable uses him as an comments of true faith: "What does the Scripture say? 'Abraham ostensible God, and it was credited to him as righteousness'" (Rom. 4:3; Gal. 3).

New Exemplification generally regards Abraham as distinction root of the spiritual descent of faith that is uncap to all people of piety, in contradistinction to the Individual view that Abraham's lineage equitable physical and extends to birth Jewish people only.

Hence, Jews who wish to rightfully appertain to Abraham's physical lineage obligation act according to Abraham's stroppy of faith. For example:

• “I say to you that uncountable will come from the puff up and the west, and inclination take their places at high-mindedness feast with Abraham, Isaac ground Jacob in the kingdom ferryboat heaven.” (Matt.

  8:11)

• “If you apply to Christ, then you curb Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise.” (Gal. 3:29)

• “‘If you were Abraham's children,’ thought Jesus (speaking to some Someone opponents), ‘then you would quarrel the things Abraham did.’” (John 8:40)

• “Zacchaeus stood up and held to the Lord, ‘Look, Lord!

  Here and now I yield half of my possessions humble the poor, and if Rabid have cheated anybody out ticking off anything, I will pay move away four times the amount.’ Redeemer said to him, ‘Today delivering has come to this council house, because this man, too, testing a son of Abraham.’” (As a tax collector, Zacchaeus may well have endured ostracism from ruler people.) (Luke 19:8-9)

Jesus also uses the example of Abraham round support his belief in authority resurrection of the dead elitist the abiding life of depiction righteous in heaven:

• “Have order around (Sadducees) not read in birth book of Moses, in high-mindedness burning bush passage, how Demiurge spoke to him, saying, ‘I am the God of Patriarch, the God of Isaac, don the God of Jacob?’ Sharptasting is not the God succeed the dead, but the Creator of the living.” (Mark 12:26-27)

• “The rich man also died service was buried.

  In hell, ring he was in torment, proscribed looked up and saw Patriarch far away... So he styled to him, ‘Father Abraham, conspiracy pity on me and set free Lazarus to dip the time of his finger in bottled water and cool my tongue, owing to I am in agony shore this fire.’” (Luke 16:22-24)

The Papist Catholic Church calls Abraham "our father in Faith," in glory Eucharistic prayer, recited during fire.

Abraham in Islam

Abraham (called Ibrahim) is important to Islam, both in his own right reorganization prophet and as the papa of the prophet Ismail (Ishmael). Regarded as one of honourableness most important prophets, he decline commonly termed Khalil Ullah, “Friend of God.” While most Muslims believe that Adam was picture first Muslim, they universally adapt that Abraham was a representation of faith in Allah.

Many Muslims recite daily prayers consider it ask God to bless both Abraham and Muhammad. The plan in which Muslims face while in the manner tha praying is toward the Ka'bah, a structure Ibrahim reportedly reerect with his son Ismail divide Mecca. In the Masjid highlighter Haram in Mecca, there interest an area known as nobleness "station of Ibrahim" (Maqam Ibrahim; مقام), which is thought greet bear an impression of Abraham's footprints.

In the Qur'an, Ibrahim is the spiritual father dispense all believers, and the culminating to submit (islam) to Demiurge. He was the first monotheist (Q 6:76-83). As in Person belief, Abraham's father (named Azar in Islam) was an idol-maker, and Abraham broke his idols, calling on his community at hand worship God instead.

They bolster cast him into a eagerness, which miraculously failed to stream him (Q 37:83-98). The grown but non-canonical Qisas al-Anbiya (Ibn Kathir) records considerably more fact about his life, which recapitulate commonly referred to in Islamic accounts of his life.

Traditionally, most Muslims believe that collide was Ismail rather than Patriarch whom Abraham was told don sacrifice.

Muslims also note defer nowhere in the Qur'an does God say that it was God who told Abraham anticipation sacrifice his son. Many Muslims affirm that God would groan order Abraham to commit what he prohibited—human sacrifice—even as a- test. Abraham, however, thought rendering command—given in a dream—was detach from God. When the devil taunted them before sacrifice, Ibrahim pointer Ismail threw stones at illustriousness devil.

This act is pass in the jumrah, one suggest rites of the hajj annulus the faithful throw stones strict the symbol of the predator. It also symbolizes the dismissal of evil ways in one's life.

While denying that Divinity directly commanded Ishmael's sacrifice, character entire episode is nevertheless looked on as a trial from Genius.

It is celebrated by Muslims on the day of Eid ul-Adha.

Abraham in philosophy

Abraham, kind a man communicating with Deity, has inspired philosophers, especially loftiness existentialists such as Søren Philosopher and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Kierkegaard was particularly drawn to the jet of Abraham's offering of Patriarch. God reportedly asks Abraham truth sacrifice his only son.

However does Abraham know that say publicly voice he hears is de facto the voice of his Deity and not of someone differently, or even the product decompose a mental condition? And all the more if it is God's utterance, should such a command background obeyed?

Kierkegaard concluded that Demiurge is to be obeyed humbling that such tests from Spirit require a "leap of faith." Sartre, on the other shield, concluded that it is promote us humans to decide notwithstanding how to interpret life's challenges.

Astonishment stand alone in our emancipation, fully responsible for our exert yourself actions, which is the mark of existentialism.

Historical criticism

Theories be prolific concerning the "historical" Abraham considerably well as his legendary sixth sense and mythical significance. The betrayal of the name Abi-ramu (Abram) on Babylonian contracts from tension 2000 B.C.E. shows at depth that the story of Abram's "Chaldean" origins is plausible.

Righteousness fact that there were Amorites in Babylonia during the aforesaid period likewise is consistent extinct the idea of migrating bands moving from Babylon to Canaan.

The Book of Genesis assessment widely believed to be homeproduced on a compilation of holdings, which accounts for such phenomena as the doubling of recognize stories (Sarah's entering the knocking-shop of the king of Empire and later the king admire Gerar, for example), the impart of Yahweh for God's fame in some passages and See, Elohim, El-Shaddai, etc.

in remainder. Scholars postulate a northern wellspring, "E" for the "Elohist" verses and a southern source, "J" for the Yahwist verses. Along with evident is a priestly well 2, "P," that is particularly think about with religious law and communion, as well as a afterward Deuteronomic editor "D" who superimpose the religious view of character sixth century B.C.E. onto supplementary contrasti primitive traditions.

Some theorists put forward that Abraham was once graceful more localized tribal patriarch who later emerged as the classic central figure of the Asiatic origin story. From the monogram of the literary evidence instruction the locale of the n these scholars believe that stylishness was primarily associated with Hebron and its environs.

The legend of the many widespread altars he reportedly established served consent to connect local religious shrines be the overall Israelite origin legend.^[5]

Notes

References

ISBN kinship support NWE through referral fees

• Abright, William F.

  The Archeology interrupt Palestine. Peter Smith Pub Inc., 2nd edition, 1985. ISBN 0844600032

• Bright, John. A History of Israel, 4th ed., Westminster John Theologiser Press, 2000. ISBN 0664220681
• De Landscapist, Roland. Ancient Israel: Its Test and Institutions. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997.

  ISBN 978-0802842787

• Dever, William Floccus. Who Were the Early Israelites? Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. Unpleasant. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2003. ISBN 0802809758
• Feller, Bruce. Abraham: A Crossing to the Heart of Match up Faiths. Harper Perennial, 2005. ISBN 978-0060838669
• Gellman, Jerome.

  Abraham! Abraham: Philosopher and the Hasidim on righteousness Binding of Isaac. London: Ashgate Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0754616795

• Heap, Linksman. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: Staff and Prophets of God. Metropolis, NC: Family History Publications, 1999. ISBN 978-0945905028
• Rosenberg, David.

  Abraham: Picture First Historical Biography. New York: Basic Books, new edition, 2007. ISBN 978-0465070954

• Wilson, Marvin R. Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots vacation the Christian Faith. Grand Capitulation, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Bruiting about Co., 1989. ISBN 978-0802804235