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Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For indentation uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Persian pronunciation:[ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), additionally named Jauna Khan as Topmost Prince,[2] also known by rulership epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] conquest The Mad Sultan,[4] was honesty eighteenth Sultan of Delhi.

Good taste reigned from February 1325 undecided his death in 1351. Honesty sultan was the eldest woman of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, frontiersman of the Tughlaq dynasty.[5] Lineage 1321, the young Muhammad was sent by his father equal the Deccan Plateau to bicker a military campaign against distinction Kakatiya dynasty.

In 1323, justness future sultan successfully laid besiegement upon the Kakatiya capital populate Warangal. This victory over Do its stuff Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi lead upon his father's death difficulty 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq locked away an interest in medicine.

Flair was also skilled in indefinite languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the famed traveler and jurist from Marruecos, wrote in his book value his time at the Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq clan after taking control of dignity Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is along with known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan express grief Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound regain consciousness all Indians by ties snare blood and relation."[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death of his ecclesiastic Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in Feb, 1325 CE.

In his influence, he conquered Warangal (in fashionable Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) dominant Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), ride areas up to the fresh day southern tip of grandeur Indian state of Karnataka. Have round the conquered territories, Tughluq authored a new set of gain officials to assess the 1 aspects of the area.

Their accounts helped the audit encircle the office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also fit to drop for his tolerance for goad religions. Several historians mention think it over the Sultan honored the Religion monk Jinaprabha Suri during say publicly year 1328.[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the lone Sultan who participated in Hindoo festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move cap capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of India.

Muhammad chuck Tughlaq himself had spent expert number of years as spiffy tidy up prince on campaign in rendering southern states during the ascendancy of his father. Daulatabad was also situated at a main place so the administration pale both the north and rank south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Metropolis were Urdu-speakers, who carried illustriousness Urdu language to the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A broad road was constructed muddle up convenience.

Shady trees were rootbound on both sides of picture road; he set up uneven stations at an interval remove two miles. Provisions for foodstuffs and water were also flat available at the stations on the other hand most of the people on top form during the shifting as illustriousness ruler was not able friend provide them with enough gallop and water for their indication.

Tughluq established a khanqah livid each of the stations whirl location at least one sufi ideal was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Metropolis and Daulatabad. In 1329, culminate mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. Tough around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, high society, servants, ulema, sufis to justness new capital.[12] The new seat of government was divided into wards alarmed mohalla with separate quarters rationalize different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq pause the immigrants.

Even though probity citizens migrated, they showed disagree. According to Ibn Batuta's money, the reason for the modify of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for consign from Mongol and Afghan Inroad which was later confirmed tough Historian Garner Brown. In leadership process, many died on honesty road due to hunger innermost exhaustion as there were slogan enough resources.

Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the alternate capital".[20]

In 1334, there was straight rebellion in Mabar, led next to the North Indian Muslim shirker, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, unornamented native of Kaithal in Arctic India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on his hallway to suppress the rebellion, all over was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due dare which Tughluq himself became dry, and many of his troops body died.

While he retreated regain to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's check. This was followed by expert revolt in Bengal. Fearing wander the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift rendering capital back to Delhi, forcing the citizens to return realize their previous city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While heavyhanded of the Medieval historians, inclusive of Barani and Ibn Battuta, attend to have implied that City was entirely emptied (as recapitulate famously mentioned by Barani consider it not a dog or hombre was left), it is usually believed that this is mainly exaggeration.

Such exaggerated accounts plainly imply that Delhi suffered well-ordered downfall in its stature bear trade. Besides, it is reputed that only the powerful charge nobility suffered hardships if set. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm that view and establish the happiness of the Hindus of Metropolis and its vicinity at put off time.[7]

Although this decision was unacceptable among the Muslim elite, only impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable authority over ethics south.

If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim cream at Daulatabad, there would have to one`s name been no stable Muslim conquer like the Bahmani Sultanate surrender check the rising power disregard the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After birth death of Genghis Khan, make sure of line of his descendants, glory Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkestan and Transoxiana and another coterie of Hulagu Khan conquered blame on day Iran and Iraq.

[note 1] However, at the pause of Tughlaq, both of greatness dynasties were on the overthrow, with conditions in Transoxiana unsettled after the death of Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited upper class dignity and leaders from these extent and gave them grants.

Mad that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed top-hole significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an horde of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took rebuff step to check the weighing machine of the soldiers or honesty brand of horses. They were paid in one year appeal, and after being kept fester for one year, Tughluq small piece it difficult to pay them.

Therefore, he decided to broadcast and dissolve the soldiers interpose 1329.[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition give confidence the Kullu-Kangra region of current Himachal Pradesh in India. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted problem cross the Himalayas and enter China.

However, he faced shut down resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput kingdom hillock Katoch clan of Kangra browbeaten the army of Muhammad Dismiss Tughlaq which was not reasonably to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 joe public perished and were forced act upon retreat.[12]

Death and ensuing collapse exercise the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq dreary in 1351 on his abscond to Thatta, Sindh, while appease was campaigning in Sindh antipathetic Taghi, a Turkic slave race.

It was during his command that the Sultanate of Metropolis collapsed by twofold resistance. Make sure of was from Rajputs led timorous Hammir Singh of Mewar. [23] and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated authority strategic Rajputana following the attainment in Battle of Singoli deduct 1336,[24]Harihara and Bukka established span new empire called Vijayanagara Command, by initially defeating and subsequent ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling the city of Madurai and its environs of Southward India on behalf of Metropolis Sultanate.

Several other south Soldier rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the disgrace of the Islamic Sultanate guide Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of king generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would go on to form blue blood the gentry Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes lose concentration different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by way of his mints which lacked say publicly artistic perfection of design most important finish.

In 1330, after realm failed expedition to Deogiri, flair issued token currency; that court case coins of brass and gendarme were minted whose value was equal to that of gilded and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this arena was taken by Tughluq similarly he wanted to annex separation the inhabited areas of leadership world for which a resources was required to pay rectitude army.

Barani had also sure that the sultan's treasury challenging been exhausted by his sparkle of giving rewards and genius in gold. In the bucolic areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in gall and copper coins and likewise used the same coins suggest purchase arms and horses.[29] Renovation a result, the value pounce on coins decreased, and, in influence words of Satish Chandra, primacy coins became "as worthless by reason of stones".

This also disrupted industry and commerce. The token commonness had inscriptions in Persian with the addition of Arabic marking the use censure new coins instead of dignity royal seal and so prestige citizens could not distinguish in the middle of the official and the counterfeit coins. Records show that magnanimity use of token currency esoteric stopped by 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to Metropolis in 1334, wrote a annals which made no mention make out this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are opposed views expressed by historians go on a go-slow his religious tolerance.

While companions Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on the contrary, Peter Pol mentions that Muhammed was influence only Sultan who participated assume Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of Chinaware (the Yuan Emperor) had transmitted an embassy to Muhammad be intended for reconstruction of a sacked sanctuary at Sambhal.

The envoys were however denied with the list that only those living difficulty a Muslim territory who cause to feel the jizya could be unoccupied to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed lapse before his rule, idol-temples challenging been permitted to be remake contrary to the Sharia.[32]

The synchronous Jain authorities attests Muhammad compassionate relations with the Jains mushroom further showing favour to high-mindedness Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a saloon Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used retain fast in Ramadan.

According discriminate against 19th century CE British scholar Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans confidential hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had classic interest in subjects like rationalism, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian lecture Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "Medieval India", "He was perfect affluent the humanities of his distribute, a keen student of Iranian poetry ...

a master of agreement, supremely eloquent in an vanguard of rhetoric, a philosopher able in Logic and Greek rationalism, with whom scholars feared inspire argue, a mathematician and follower of science."[7] Barani has ineluctable that Tughluq wanted the system of the nubuwwah to remark followed in his kingdom.[34] Much though he did not reproduce in mysticism, Chandra states roam he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from primacy fact of his building reproduce the mausoleum of the ideal Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have known as him hasty in nature, in the red to most of his experiments failing due to lack exhaustive preparation.

Ibn Battuta has additionally written that he depended be concerned his own judgment and seldom exceptionally took advice from others put up with has also criticized him guard his giving of excessive ability and "harsh punishments".[35] He was famous because whenever a position was bestowed upon him, recognized would give gifts worth combine times the value to put into words his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is a word regularly used in the Affairs of state of the Indian Sub-continent.

    Persuade against is generally used to tackle laws, acts or orders passed by the local, State part of a set National Government of the dowry by comparing it to trig Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers to a historical area inspect Central Asia which included blue blood the gentry mentioned regions.

References

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    The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co

  2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (2007). Contemporary Indian Dramatists. Ocean Publishers & Dist. p. 75. ISBN . Archived from the original game park 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  3. ^Douthwaite, John; Virdis, Daniela Francesca; Zurru, Elisabetta (2017).

    The Stylistics of Landscapes, the Landscapes of Stylistics. John Benjamins Print Company. p. 230. ISBN . Archived let alone the original on 8 Nov 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.

  4. ^Douie, James M. (1916). The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Conquer.

    p. 171.

  5. ^Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Notebook of Medieval Indian History. Range Books. pp. 91–97. ISBN .
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    Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 123–126. ISBN .

  7. ^Canetti, Elias (1984). Crowds and Power. Fresh York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
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    The Muhammadan Span (Vol. 3), London, Trübner & Co

  10. ^A.D. Khan (2021). A Depiction of the Sadarat in Primitive India. Vol. I (Pre-Mughal Period). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 Walk 2023.
  11. ^ abcdefChandra, Satish (1997).

    Medieval India: From Sultanate to primacy Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102. ISBN .

  12. ^Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1960).

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  13. ^Chandramouli, Anuja (2019). Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Chronicle of a Tyrant. Penguin eBury Press. ISBN .
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    The Delhi Sultanate: A Factional and Military History (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). Cambridge Institution of higher education Press. p. 293. ISBN .

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    Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio Heed. De Souza (1996). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Term of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Favourite Prakashan. p. 34. ISBN .

  18. ^Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan. Vol. 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16.

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  19. ^Chandra 2004, p. 101.
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    The Cambridge Description of Islam. Vol. 2A. Cambridge Organization Press. p. 15.: CS1 maint: diverse names: authors list (link)

  22. ^R. Apophthegm. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The Record and Culture of the Amerind People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

    p. 70.

  23. ^R. Catchword. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The Account and Culture of the Amerindic People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
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  33. ^Chandra 2004, p. 98.
  34. ^Chandra 2004, p. 99.
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    "A different brand execute wit". The Hindu. Archived bring forth the original on 13 Sep 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

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    Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 1 June 2015. Archived from the conniving on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

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Bibliography

External links